Pregnancy outcomes in women with adenomyosis, undergoing artificial endometrial preparation with and without gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist pretreatment in frozen embryo transfer cycles: An RCT.

Background: Selecting a suitable and preferable method for endometrial preparation in frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycles for women with adenomyosis is still challenging in infertility treatment. Objective: To compare 2 artificial endometrial preparation regimens with and without gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) pretreatment in women with adenomyosis undergoing FET cycles. Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical trial study was conducted on 140 adenomyosis cases who underwent FET cycles at Arash Women's hospital, Tehran, Iran from May 2020 to March 2021. Participants were randomly allocated into hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) and HRT+GnRHa pretreatment groups (n = 70/each). Endometrial preparation with 2-6 mg daily estradiol was started in the HRT+GnRHa group, taking after down-regulation with the GnRHa. Within the HRT group, the same dose of estradiol was commenced within the early follicular stage. The main (chemical and clinical pregnancy rates) and auxiliary results (twin pregnancy, miscarriage, and live birth rates) were compared between groups. Results: The demographic characteristics and severity of adenomyosis, endometrial thickness, and pattern at starting progesterone administration were similar in the 2 groups, and triple-line endometrium was found to be the dominant pattern in both groups (p = 0.65). No significant differences were observed in chemical, clinical, and twin pregnancy rates as well as miscarriage and live birth rates between groups (p = 0.71, p = 0.81, p = 0.11, and p = 0.84, respectively). However, the total estrogen dose and duration of estrogen consumption were significantly higher in the pretreatment group (p = 0.001, and p = 0.003). Conclusion: These results indicated that the hormonal endometrial preparation with estrogen and progestin for FET cycles is as efficacious as a protocol involving preceding pituitary suppression with a GnRHa. Further large randomized clinical studies are required to confirm these findings.

Infertility Does Not Increase the Rate of Breast Fibroadenoma.

Background: Fibroadenoma (FA) and infertility can share common risk factors and probably common underlying pathophysiology, but yet there is no study evaluating the prevalence of FA in infertile women. Therefore, the aim of in the present study, the purpose was evaluating the association of FA and infertility for the first time. Methods: This short communication is a secondary analysis of a primary study that was performed in Arash Women's Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Participants were selected among reproductive-aged women with a history of infertility as the case and women without infertility as the control group. The criteria for diagnosis of FA were histopathologic assessment for lumps 1 cm in size or larger, and a typical ultrasound image for smaller lumps. Assisted reproductive technology (ART) was defined as any previous history of undergoing ovulation stimulation, intrauterine insemination, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, or in vitro fertilization. Results: Overall, 155 cases with a mean age of 39.2±6.9, and 167 controls with a mean age of 43.08±8.3 were included (p=0.0001). Interestingly, the incidence of FA was lower in the case group (18.7% vs. 25.7%), however, the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.13). Also, logistic regression analysis showed that the chance for an infertile woman who undergoes ART to get FA is 1.7 times higher in comparison to non-ART group, although the difference was not significant (p=0.21). Conclusion: Infertility and ART were not associated with increased risk of FA; however, larger prospective studies should be conducted in the future in order to achieve conclusive results.

Development, validation, and implementation of a Short Breast Health Perception Questionnaire.

BACKGROUND: Health status and perception can be assessed by general or disease-specific questionnaires, and disease specific questionnaires are more specific than general questionnaires. Considering the importance of breast health perception (BHP) in women's lives and the lack of any pertinent questionnaires, we performed this study to develop a valid and reliable short BHP questionnaire (BHPQ); and then used it to assess the participants' BHP. METHODS: We first designed and developed the instrument and then measured its inter-rater agreement (IRA), content validity including content validity index (I-CVI) and scale content validity index (S-CVI), and reliability (through internal consistency and test-retest). We then evaluated the BHP of eligible women with normal breasts and benign breast disorders who attended our breast clinic. RESULTS: The IRA index (78.6%) showed the optimal relevance and clarity of the questionnaire. The content validity was acceptable; with S-CVIs of 87.35 and 84.42 for clarity and relevance, respectively. The internal reliability was high (Cronbach's alpha = 0.93). Three questions were eliminated for internal consistency (intraclass correlation coefficient < 0.7) but the rest of the questions showed good and excellent reliability. In the next step, BHP in the 350 eligible participants showed an overall score of 43.89 ± 9.09. CONCLUSION: This study introduces a valid and reliable 11-item BHPQ. We propose its use in various circumstances throughout breast cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment; and in the assessment of BHP in various physiologic and reproductive situations.

Maternal mortality and its determining factors among hospitalised mothers in Tehran, Iran, 2013-2020.

The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is a significant indicator of the quality of a health care system. Despite considerable progress in reducing MMR in Iran in the past few years, we still face a long road ahead in eliminating preventable maternal deaths. In the present study, we evaluated all 80 cases of maternal deaths in 20 hospitals under the supervision of Tehran University of Medical Sciences between March 20 2013 and March 19 2020. During this time, these hospitals recorded 335,216 live births, with an MMR of 24 per 100,000 live births. The average age of deceased mothers was 31.9 ± 6.9 years. Direct causes accounted for 48.75% of maternal deaths, with haemorrhage being the most common direct cause of mortality (17.5%). Moreover, cancer (17.5%) and cardiovascular diseases (17.5%) were the most common indirect causes of maternal mortality. Even after accounting for the COVID-19 pandemic's effects, we have noticed an increase in maternal mortality. As a result, implementing a comprehensive approach for high-risk pregnancies is critical.Impact StatementWhat is already known on this subject? Although we have been able to reduce MMR in Iran to a reasonable level, previous measures would not be sufficient to accomplish future goals. Furthermore, we have a long way to go before reaching the ultimate goal of eradicating avoidable maternal deaths by 2030.What do the results of this study add? The causes, determinants and risk factors of maternal mortality were investigated in this study. With this level of detail, we can observe a steadily increase in MMR in recent years, regardless of the COVID-19 pandemic. The majority of pregnancy-related deaths can be avoided.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? MMR reduction is a measurable goal that can be attained by improving financial resources, implementing safe delivery, team training, preparing multidisciplinary care with integration for high-risk pregnant women, establishing good provider relationships, and communicating with patients and providers for early warning signs and structural changes.

Evaluation of the association of endometriosis and mammographic breast density, a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Endometriosis is a common benign but painful gynecologic condition. Studies suggest that the risk of some types of malignancies such as breast cancer is higher in women with endometriosis. Mammographic breast density (MBD) is known as an important predictor for breast cancer. The present study aimed to investigate the potential relationship between endometriosis and MBD. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 370 women over 40 years of age. Laparoscopic surgery was carried out for the diagnosis of endometriosis. MBD was classified into four categories according to the ACR BI-RADS classification. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software to evaluate the potential association between variables. RESULTS: The mean age of all participants was 47.2 ± 6.4 years, and most participants (76.8%) were premenopausal. Multivariate analysis of the potential predictors of MBD, including age, body mass index, oral contraceptive consumption, progesterone consumption, family history of breast cancer and endometriosis showed that age (P value = 0.002), history of progesterone consumption (P value = 0.004) and endometriosis (P value = 0.006) were independent factors for MBD. CONCLUSION: This study indicated that endometriosis had an inverse association with MBD. Age and history of progesterone use were also independent influential factors for MBD. This finding shows that the positive association between breast cancer and endometriosis is not mediated through MBD.

Residency training amid the COVID-19 pandemic: exploring the impact on mental health and training, a lesson from Iran.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 has affected the training programs and the clinical schedules of surgical wards in many countries, including Iran. Also, the continuous involvement with COVID-19 patients has caused stress in health care workers; among them, residents are on the frontlines of care delivery. Therefore, we designed a study to assess the mental effects of these circumstances, and the effects on General Surgery and Obstetrics & Gynecology residency training in the busiest surgical departments of our university. METHODS: Participants of this cross-sectional study were residents of General Surgery and Obstetrics & Gynecology of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the conventional sampling method was used. We used a questionnaire consisting of 47 questions (mostly using multiple choice questions and answers on the Likert scale) about personal, familial, and demographic characteristics; training activities, and mental effects of COVID-19. RESULTS: The response rate was 63.5%. (127 filled questionnaires). Around 96% of the residents had emotional problems, 85.9% were highly stressed about contracting COVID-19, 81.3% were worried about transferring it to their families; and 78% believed that their residency training had been impaired. CONCLUSION: Overall, our study shows the negative impact of COVID-19 on mental health and the training of residents. We propose that appropriate emotional support and suitable planning for compensation of training deficits is provided for residents.

An updated systematic review and meta-analysis on efficacy of Sofosbuvir in treating hepatitis C-infected patients with advanced chronic kidney disease.

Sofosbuvir seems to be a revolutionary treatment for Hepatitis C-infected patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) but existing evidence is not quite adequate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Sofosbuvir-based therapy without Ribavirin for all hepatitis C virus genotypes among patients with advanced CKD. We conducted an updated systematic literature search from the beginning of 2013 up to June 2020. Sustained virologic response (SVR) rate at 12 and/or 24 weeks after the end of treatment, and adverse events in HCV-infected patients with advanced CKD were pooled using random effects models. We included 27 published articles in our meta-analyses, totaling 1,464 HCV-infected patients with advanced CKD. We found a substantial heterogeneity based on the I2 index (P = 0.00, I2 = 56.1%). The pooled SVR rates at 12 and 24 weeks after the end of Sofosbuvir-based treatment were 97% (95% Confidence Interval: 95-99) and 95% (89-99) respectively. The pooled SVR12 rates were 98% (96-100) and 94% (90-97) in patients under 60 and over 60 years old respectively. The pooled incidence of severe adverse events was 0.11 (0.04-0.19). The pooled SVR12 rate after completion of the half dose regimen was as high as the full dose treatment but it was associated with less adverse events (0.06 versus 0.14). The pooled SVR12 rate was 98% (91-100) in cirrhotic patients and 100% (98-100) in non-cirrhotic patients. The endorsement of Sofosbuvir-based regimen can improve the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection in patients with advanced CKD.

Prevalence of Hookah Smoking among University Students in Iran: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.

BACKGROUND: The rise in popularity of waterpipe smoking among younger people cause increase its deleterious effects on health in recent years. The aim of this study was to estimate the pooled prevalence of water-pipe smoking in university students in Iran. METHODS: We performed the literature search from 1946 to January 21, 2019, in several international and national databases such as Medline/PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, Magiran, Iranmedex, and IranPsych. To investigate the between-study heterogeneity we used the chi-squared test and I2 index. We used a random-effects model to estimate the pooled prevalence of water-pipe smoking. The potential source of heterogeneity was assessed by subgroup analysis and meta-regression. RESULTS: According to the eligibility criteria, we included 37 relevant studies in our meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of lifetime water-pipe smoking was 25% (95% CI: 22-29) and in male and female subgroups was 37% (95%CI: 30-45), 17% (95%CI: 15-19) respectively. The pooled prevalence of water-pipe smoking in last year was 21% (95%CI: 16-25) and in last month was 8% (95%CI: 5-11). Results of meta-regression analysis showed that there was not any significant association between suspected variables and the prevalence of water-pipe smoking. CONCLUSION: The higher prevalence rate of water pipe smoking among university students indicates the emergency need for planning preventive program.

Survival rates of patients with breast cancer in countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the fourth leading cause of death and disability in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR); although the incidence is lower than in the developed regions, there has been an increasing trend in recent decades. AIMS: Our aim was to calculate the pooled survival rate of patients with breast cancer in the EMR. METHODS: We searched electronic databases from 1946 to 19 January 2018, without language restrictions. We used a random effect model to estimate pooled 1-, 3-, 5- and 10-year survival rates for patients with breast cancer. Chi-squared and I² index were used to assess between-study heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression were used to investigate the potential source of heterogeneity. RESULTS: We found 80 articles eligible for inclusion in our review. The pooled 1-, 3-, 5- and 10-year survival rates in women with breast cancer in the EMR were 0.95, 0.80, 0.71, and 0.56, respectively. The I² index indicated considerable between-study heterogeneity (all I² > 50%). The 5-year survival rate in the male subgroup was 0.63. The 5-year survival rate of women with breast cancer in age groups ≤ 39, 40-64, and 65+ years were 0.74, 0.76 and 0.58, respectively. There was a statistically significant association between the Human Development Index (ß = 9, P = 0.01) and decade of study (ß = 8.2, P = 0.04) and 5-year survival rate. CONCLUSIONS: The survival rate of women with breast cancer in those countries in the EMR which have better health care systems improved in the past decade; women aged 40-64 years had the best survival rate.

Prevalence of cigarette smoking among college students in Iran: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

Background: Cigarette smoking is known as a gateway drug for illicit drug use in youth. The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence of cigarette smoking in the college students in Iran. Methods: We searched electronic databases including Scopus, Medline/PubMed, Google Scholar and Web of Science, and national databases such as Magiran, Scientific Information Database, Iranmedex, Medlib, Irandoc, and IranPsych from 1946 to 21st July 2018 without any language restriction using a proper search strategy. We used a random effect model to calculate the pooled prevalence of cigarette smoking in college students in Iran. Chi-square test and I2 index were used to evaluate the heterogeneity between the studies. We used the meta-regression and subgroup analysis to assess the potential source of heterogeneity. Stata software, version 11 (StataCorp, TX) was used for all statistical analysis. Results: We included 60 eligible articles in our study. The pooled prevalence of cigarette smoking at least once in the lifetime was 19% (95%CI: 17-22). The I2 index indicated considerable between-study heterogeneity (I2 =98%, p<0.001). The pooled prevalence of cigarette smoking at least once in the lifetime in males and females was 28% (95% CI: 23-34) and 9% (95% CI: 6-13), respectively. In multivariable meta-regression, a significant association was shown between the year of study (ß=-13.1, p=0.011) and sampling method (ß=-12.8 p=0.017) and daily use in the last month. Conclusions: Increasing prevalence of smoking among Iranian university students is an important health priority. Increasing preventive and health education programs are recommended.

The burden of road traffic injuries in the northeast of Iran: the result of a population-based registry.

BACKGROUND: Road traffic injuries (RTIs) are an important public health problem around the world, with the majority of RTIs occurring in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to determine disability-adjusted life years (DALY) of RTIs in the northeast of Iran. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we used the death registration system to calculate years of life lost (YLL) due to RTIs. To determine the years lost due to disability (YLD), hospital records of all people injured in road accidents were used. To estimate DALY, we used YLD and YLL to calculate DALY according to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2003 guideline and the age/sex composition of the population was taken from the Statistical Centre of Iran (SCI) in 2016. All collected data entered into Excel software and performed calculations. RESULTS: Our findings showed that a total of 3403 RTIs and 132 deaths were recorded in 2016. The DALY was 38 per 1,000 of which 26.9 per 1,000 were related to YLL and 11.1 per 1,000 were related to YLD. The highest YLL rate in both sexes was in the 15-29 and 30-44 age groups with 49.8 per 1,000 and 46.0 per 1,000, respectively. This reflects a sex ratio of DALY in males (57.7 per 1,000) to females (8.6 per 1,000) was 6.7. CONCLUSIONS: It seems to be necessary, appropriate effective intervention programs and periodic evaluations are required regarding prevention and reducing traffic accidents mostly in middle-aged men.

The Global and Regional Survival Rate of Women With Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in the world. The aim of this study was to measure the global and regional survival rates of women with breast cancer. We searched Medline/PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar to identify cohort studies on the survival rate of women with primary invasive breast cancer until the end of June 2017. We used random effect models to estimate the pooled 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression models were used to investigate the potential sources of heterogeneity. One hundred twenty-six studies were included in the meta-analysis. Between-study heterogeneities in the 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates were significantly high (all I2s > 50%; P = .001). The global 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-year pooled survival rates in women with breast cancer were 0.92 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.90-0.94), 0.75 (95% CI, 0.71-0.79), 0.73 (95% CI, 0.71-0.75), and 0.61% (95% CI, 0.54-0.67), respectively. Subgroup analysis revealed that survival rates varied in different World Health Organization regions, age and stage at diagnosis, year of the studies, and degree of development of countries. Meta-regression indicated that year of the study (ß = 0.07; P = .002) and development of country (ß = -0.1; P = .0001) were potential sources of heterogeneity. The survival rate was improved in recent decades; however, it is lower in developing regions than developed ones.

Survival Rate of Colorectal Cancer in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Different studies have been conducted to estimate the survival rate of colorectal cancer in Iran but there is no overall estimate of the survival rate. The aim of this study was to calculate the pooled 1, 3, and 5-year survival rate of the patients with colorectal cancer in Iran. Methods: To retrieve relevant studies, we conducted a systematic search in Iranian databases, including Iran Medex, Magiran, SID, and international databases such as Medlin/PubMed, Scopus, and Google scholar using "Colorectal Neoplasms" and "Survival Rate" as keywords up to December 1st, 2017. We used random effect model to estimate pooled 1, 3, and 5-year survival rates of the patients with colorectal cancer in Iran. To assess the heterogeneity, we used Chi-squared test at the 5 % significance level (p <0.05) and I2 Index. We used meta-regression and subgroup analysis to find a potential source of heterogeneity. Results: After a systematic search, 196 articles were found, of the 38 studies met the eligibility criteria and are included in our meta-analysis. The pooled 1, 3, and 5-year survival rates in patient with colorectal cancer were 0.84 (95% CI: 0.81-0.87), 0.64 (95%CI: 0.59-0.70), and 0.54 (95%CI: 0.49-0.58) respectively. The 5-year survival rate in the subgroup of women was 0.5 (0.44-0.56) and in male subgroup was 0.44 (0.40-0.48). In a subgroup of the tumor site, the 5-year survival rate in colon cancer was 0.6 (0.49-0.75) and rectum cancer was 0.54 (0.36-0.69). In multivariable models, there was a significant association between years of study and 5-year survival rate as a source of heterogeneity (ß = 18.9, P=0.01). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, women had a better survival rate than men, and according to the tumor site, the 5-year survival rate in colon cancer was better than the rectum cancer.

Estimating the Completeness of Lung Cancer Registry in Ardabil, Iran with a Three-Source Capture-Recapture Method.

Cancer registration is an important component of a comprehensive cancer control program, providing timely data and information for research and administrative use. Capture-recapture methods have been used as tools to investigate completeness of cancer registry data. This study aimed to estimate the completeness of lung cancer cases registered in Ardabil Population Based Cancer Registry (APBCR) with a three-source capture-recapture method. Data for all new cases of lung cancer reported by three sources (pathology reports, death certificates, and medical records) to APBCR for 2006 and 2008 were obtained. Duplicate cases shared among the three sources were identified based on similarity of first name, last name and father's names. A log-linear model was used to estimate number of missed cases and to control for dependency among sources. A total of 218 new cases of lung cancer was reported by three sources after removing duplicates. The estimated completeness calculated by log-linear method was 26.4 for 2006 and 27.1 for 2008. The completeness differed according to gender. In men, the completeness was 26.0% for 2006 and 28.1 for 2008. In women, the completeness was 36.5% for 2006 and 46.9 for 2008. In conclusion, none of the three sources can be considered as a reliable source for accurate cancer incidence estimation.

Factors affecting job motivation among health workers: a study from Iran.

OBJECTIVE: Human resources are the most vital resource of any organizations which determine how other resources are used to accomplish organizational goals. This research aimed to identity factors affecting health workers' motivation in Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBUMS). METHOD: This is a cross-sectional survey conducted with participation of 212 health workers of Tehran health centers in November and December 2011. The data collection tool was a researcher-developed questionnaire that included 17 motivating factors and 6 demotivating factors and 8 questions to assess the current status of some factors. Validity and reliability of the tool were confirmed. Data were analyzed with descriptive and analytical statistical tests. RESULTS: The main motivating factors for health workers were good management, supervisors and managers' support and good working relationship with colleagues. On the other hand, unfair treatment, poor management and lack of appreciation were the main demotivating factors. Furthermore, 47.2% of health workers believed that existing schemes for supervision were unhelpful in improving their performance. CONCLUSIONS: Strengthening management capacities in health services can increase job motivation and improve health workers' performance. The findings suggests that special attention should be paid to some aspects such as management competencies, social support in the workplace, treating employees fairly and performance management practices, especially supervision and performance appraisal.